President Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera has spoken strongly against laziness and disgruntlement among civil servants, warning that his government will not tolerate these tendencies.
Chakwera made the sentiments on Wednesday when he launched the Malawi School of Government, which his administration has championed to eliminate the chaos in government ministries, departments and agencies.
He said at the time he was assuming the presidency in June 2020, he found that chaos was the order of the day in many government offices.
“I found the chaos in four groups. The first group is the chaos of not knowing the job, because I found that even though there are many civil servants in the government whose work is completed because they were trained well and because their expertise is compatible with the offices they were given, there are others who are not able to work because they were not trained well and were given conflicting jobs. So we saw that since the problem is so big, we should set up this school, a school to teach how to work in the government,” said Chakwera.
The President said the major objective of the school will be to build and enhance professionalism and skills among civil servants and to address reasons that make public servants to work with reluctance and disgruntlement.
At this point, President Chakwera told Malawians that his government is establishing an Individual Performance Management System, in collaboration with the Chandler Institute of Governance, with the aim that all government workers should show each other how they are serving Malawians.
Chakwera: My Government will not tolerate laziness
He thanked representatives of the Chandler Institute of Governance for participating in the launch of the Malawi School of Government.
President Chakwera also expressed his gratitude to the Cambridge University Governance Labs, led by Professor John Barker, for helping Malawi develop the course work for Ethical Decision Making, the Governments of Kenya and Singapore, and Tony Blair Institute who are helping in teaching civil servants computer lessons.
He directed the Secretary to the President and Cabinet (SPC) to work with all Principal Secretaries (PSs), parastatal leaders, District Commissioners (DCs), and the Department of Human Resource and Development (DHRD) to identify public servants who should attend certain courses at the school.
“When we talk of Public Sector Reform, the first thing to reform are the public servants themselves, and that work must be done here at the Malawi School of Government. I don’t want someone to bring chaos in my government, so bring all the crooked people here and they will be straightened out,” said Chakwera.
Chairman of Nyasa Tobacco Buying Company, Konrad Buckle, has expressed commitment to collaborating with President Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera and his administration in fulfilling a vision to empower tobacco farmers by obligating buyers to offer competitive prices for the leaf.
Speaking at Chinkhoma Auction Floors in Kasungu on the sidelines of the official opening of the 2024 tobacco selling season on Monday, Buckle shared Chakwera’s lamentations that, for decades, tobacco growers were being ripped off due to low prices offered to them.
The Nyasa Tobacco Company boss said time had come for the growers to reap from their sweat.
“First I want to thank His Excellency the President. He had this vision that the farmers need to start getting value for the crop they produce because farming is a very difficult job. And his vision was to create alternative markets for the farmers to make sure that there’s competition on the floor and to make sure that it’s fair value to the farmers,” he said.
“I don’t think there’s a sad farmer on the floor. Everybody is extremely happy and the President came and walked and inspected our direct sales, and I think this is the vision that we have to have,” added Buckle.
Asked whether his company would reduce the prices the President had left the premises, as has been the case with other companies previously, Buckle assured journalists that this will not happen.
President Chakwera at Chinkhoma Auction Floors
He said his company recognizes the effort the farmers put in place to produce the leaf, stressing that the only way tobacco buyers can reward them is through competitive prices for the leaf.
“I want to tell everybody that we are here to stay. We are in partnership with the government. And we want to make a difference to the growers. The growers need to start seeing benefit in this,” assured Buckle.
In his remarks, President Chakwera said tobacco remains an important crop to Malawi’s economy.
He, therefore, asked the buyers to offer honest and competitive prices for the leaf.
President Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera on Monday officially opened the 2024 tobacco season with a promise that his government is determined to mechanize the agriculture sector to improve and increase production and productivity.
Chakwera said on his recent visit to Switzerland, he held discussion with a machine manufacturing company on a possible investment in the agriculture sector in Malawi.
“I have put a plan for this company to start a program to help farmers get the opportunity to rent tractors, because without tractors and irrigation equipment, the farming of large Mega Farms is difficult. I am doing this because when we talk about Malawi 2063, we are talking about the need to grow our economy to the level where we can rely on ourselves,” said Chakwera.
President Chakwera said agriculture, especially tobacco production, plays a crucial role in the social and economic development of the country, in generating foreign exchange the country needs to import various goods and services.
President Chakwera captured at Chinkhoma Auction Floors
At this point, the Malawi leader said it was sad that some city and two dwellers, parading as economic experts, look down upon the sector.
“We have, in our towns and cities, people who know how to talk about economic matters and call themselves experts, but the real experts in economic affairs in Malawi are the Malawians who are bringing wealth to this country, the Malawians who are pushing for forex to come to this country, and the Malawians who are bringing wealth and forex to our country. Ant that number one is a tobacco farmer,” said Chakwera.
“Here in the village, I, Vice President Chilima, and all the ministers are always looking for ways to help the tobacco farmers so that someone does not take advantage of you. Also, I would like to thank the companies that buy our tobacco here in Malawi for listening to us when we tell you that the prices for buying tobacco will be good for the farmer. I would also like to thank all of the tobacco companies who came to the State House when I invited you two weeks ago to discuss the tobacco prices this year, and I am hopeful that the results of the relationship that we have fostered between us in government and you tobacco buyers will help you tobacco farmers to produce delicious products this year,” he added.
President Chakwera therefore urged tobacco buyers to offer competitive prices for the leaf.
Speaking to journalists earlier, Chairman of Nyasa Tobacco Buying Company, Konrad Buckle, assured President Chakwera of his company’s commitment to fulfilling a vision to empower tobacco farmers by obligating buyers to offer competitive prices for the leaf.
Buckle shared Chakwera’s lamentations that, for decades, tobacco growers were being ripped off due to low prices offered to them.
The Nyasa Tobacco Company boss said time had come for the growers to reap from their sweat.
“First I want to thank His Excellency the President. He had this vision that the farmers need to start getting value for the crop they produce because farming is a very difficult job. And his vision was to create alternative markets for the farmers to make sure that there’s competition on the floor and to make sure that it’s fair value to the farmers,” he said.
“I don’t think there’s a sad farmer on the floor. Everybody is extremely happy and the President came and walked and inspected our direct sales, and I think this is the vision that we have to have,” added Buckle.
Asked whether his company would reduce the prices the President had left the premises, as has been the case with other companies previously, Buckle assured journalists that this will not happen.
He said his company recognizes the effort the farmers put in place to produce the leaf, stressing that the only way tobacco buyers can reward them is through competitive prices for the leaf.
“I want to tell everybody that we are here to stay. We are in partnership with the government. And we want to make a difference to the growers. The growers need to start seeing benefit in this,” assured Buckle.
In his remarks, President Chakwera said tobacco remains an important crop to Malawi’s economy.
He, therefore, asked the buyers to offer honest and competitive prices for the leaf.
Old Mutual (Blantyre) Foundation Trust on Friday handed over a donation of medical supplies worth over MK10 million to the Nkhotakota District Council to help improve health service delivery following recent flooding in the district.
Speaking during the handover ceremony at Nkhotakota District Hospital, Brenda Mwale, one of the Trustees of the Old Mutual Foundation said the decision to donate came after observing the serious circumstances faced by flood victims and the strain on local authorities.
“We saw how Nkhotakota district was devastated by the floods, and we are coming in to help lessen the problems that people here are facing. We checked with the authorities to find out the most critical needs, and we were directed to support by procuring medical supplies that we are handing over today.” She said.
Old Mutual officials handing over the donation to Nkhotakota District Council officials
Receiving the donation on behalf of the Nkhotakota District Commissioner, Mr. Victor Chithabwa, Director of Administration at the Nkhotakota District Council, expressed gratitude to Old Mutual for extending support to the affected communities.
Chithabwa acknowledged the overwhelming nature of the disaster, which saw the establishment of several camps to accommodate displaced residents.
“We are greatly strained on essential services like healthcare, therefore, the coming in of Old Mutual (Blantyre) Foundation is a huge relief,” he said.
Nkhotakota was affected by floods beginning in February, and according to the Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA), 14,176 people were affected and 9, 378 were displaced.
As the 2023/2024 comes to an end, smallholder farmers need to be empowered on post-harvest crop management, financial literacy and market access for them to maximize benefits from their hard work, the Centre for Agricultural Transformation (CAT) has said.
CAT Executive Director Macleod Nkhoma made the remarks on Friday 12 April 2024 during the closing ceremony of a two-week smallholder farmers’ bootcamp on post-harvest crop management, financial literacy and market access held at Lisasadzi Residential Training Centre in Kasungu.
“Our aim, as CAT, is to help smallholder farmers diversify into other value chains other than just tobacco. In doing that, we want the farmers to ensure productivity is enhanced and adopt high-yielding technologies as well as accessing markets. But as they produce they now have a challenge of post-harvest losses, a topic which has been part of the training in the past two days,” he said.
Nkhoma noted that post-harvest losses account for over 40 percent of crop losses; hence, the need for farmers to have adequate knowledge on this, including issues of finance management such as record keeping and marketing of produce.
Funded by the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World through the Agricultural Transformation Initiative (ATI), the aim of the training was to equip farmers with knowledge and practical skills in effective post-harvest handling techniques, access to agricultural financing and collective marketing.
The training drew 70 participants from CAT impact areas across the country, targeting smallholder farmers involved in various value chains such as groundnuts, soybean, sunflower, cassava as some of the viable alternatives to tobacco production.
One of the participants, Grace Banda, a lead farmer from Kasungu, stated that the training had opened her eyes on the importance of using certified seeds in soybean and groundnut production as well as benefits of village savings and loans to farmers.
Participant receives certificate as Khan (L) and Nkhoma (R) looks on.
“The CAT invited us to this training to learn new things. While here, I have learnt the need for proper crop management practices in soybeans and groundnuts. This knowledge will greatly help me as a farmer to improve my household food security and incomes,” explained Banda.
On his part, Christopher Sandifolo, who was part of the training, expressed satisfaction with the knowledge he had gained particularly on soybean and groundnut production, village savings and loans as well as benefits of collective marketing.
“Most of the times we, farmers, rely on government to give us seeds and fertilizers but we have learnt during this training that we can procure these inputs on our own through proceeds from village savings and loans,” Sandifolo, a lead farmer of 400 smallholder farmers in T/A Mazengera in Lilongwe, noted.
Riz Khan, Program Manager at the Foundation for a Smoke-Free World’s Agricultural Transformation Initiative (ATI) said it was his organization’s interest and strategy to support smallholder farmers as they transition to new alternatives to tobacco through its funding to the CAT.
“It is important to prepare the farmers to address the challenges they are facing, post-harvest management is a big issue in new alternatives and we need to expose them to new technologies and help them address challenges they face such as post-harvest management,” he said.
During the training, some of the topics were understanding post-harvest losses, best practices in post-harvest management, quality control and market linkages, sharing of knowledge and experiences on Village Savings and Loans, among others.
At the end of the training, all the 70 participants received certificates of attendance.
Governance and Human Rights Advocate Undule Mwakasungula has described revelations that Electricity Generation Company (EGENCO) used to make payments on behalf of Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) as a mere tip of the iceberg, urging further investigation to unearth more rot in public service.
Mwakasungula, in a statement issued on Saturday, said the revelations expose how the former governing party used to abuse public resources by institutionalizing nepotism and corruption with procurement processes.
“The audit has also shed light on potential avenues for curbing the past abuses of power by DPP. The revelation in the report of EGENCO making payments on behalf of the DPP when in power raises concerns about abuse of power and misuse of public resources.
“This indicates a broader pattern of nepotism and corruption within procurement processes, damaging the DPP’s reputation and accountability record. The implication of these findings on the DPP’s legacy cannot be ignored and hence the need for comprehensive reforms within EGENCO to prevent further abuses of power by political parties like DPP,” reads part of the statement.
Mwakasungula added that EGENCO’s forensic audit for the period from 1st January 2017 to 31st March, 2022, has also exposed issues that have dented the company’s performance and image.
He said weak governance compounded by inconsistent policy adherence, unfavorable work environment, and a neglected succession plan, created a fertile ground for mismanagement and inefficiency for EGENCO.
“Consequently, the reputation and credibility of EGENCO as a key player in the energy sector could be compromised, potentially affecting investor confidence and Malawian’s trust. Further, in order to move forward, crucial steps and decisions are urgently necessary. EGENCO must learn from past mistakes and rebuild public trust hence ensure as a reliable electricity supply for Malawi,” says Mwakasungula in the statement.
According to the revered governance and human rights advocate, the EGENCO audit serves as a strong reminder of the importance of strong governance, clear policies and procedures, transparency, accountability, and performance measurement in parastatals such as EGENCO.
He said the board effectiveness must therefore be enhanced to ensure proper oversight and adherence to sound financial management practices to avoid experiences of the past.
“As deterrence, holding accountable those implicated in corrupt practices will be necessary to send a strong message that mismanagement will not be “Business as usual” like in the past governments and not tolerated by the current government. This will discourage further misconduct in all parastatals. Taking such measures of accountability will demonstrate the leadership and government’s commitment to addressing the issues raised in the audit. And in the end help rebuild public trust in EGENCO and the government’s ability to manage parastatals effectively,” concluded Mwakasungula.
In 2023, UNICEF launched what it termed as Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) appeal following revelations that over half a million children are at risk of malnutrition in Malawi.
Prior to the launch of the appeal, UNICEF has conducted a survey, which showed an increase in malnutrition cases among children in Malawi over the last five years, with the challenge accelerating significantly in recent months.
The survey established that in 2023 alone, over 62,000 children, aged between 6 to 59 months, were at risk of severe acute malnutrition (SAM), often called wasting.
“To respond to the urgent needs of 6.5 million people, including 3.3 million children, UNICEF has increased its appeal for Malawi from US$52.4 to US$87.7 million. This funding will be used to meet priority needs, such as ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) for treating severe acute malnutrition, access to safe drinking water, sanitation, hygiene items, health, nutrition, education, child protection services, and cash transfer schemes,” said the UN children agency.
The project team leader Professor Maliro briefing journalists about the progress of the research at Bunda Campus–Photo by Watipaso Mzungu
This echoed findings of the 2017 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), which indicated that 1.07 million children (37 percent) under 5 years are suffering from chronic malnutrition (stunting or low height-for-age).
UNICEF observed that despite recent progress in reducing chronic malnutrition, acute food insecurity—compounded by recurrent climate shocks, preventable disease outbreaks, economic instability, and chronic underfunding in the social sectors — threatens to reverse past gains.
This is coming at a time when Malawi is still grappling with the devastation caused by Tropical Cyclone Freddy in March, with 659, 000 people currently internally displaced, including many children. Meanwhile, an ongoing cholera outbreak in the country has already claimed over a thousand lives.
UNICEF Country Representative Gianfranco Rotigliano said children in Malawi are at the sharp end of the global polycrisis.
“Food insecurity, exasperated by a growing climate crisis, disease outbreaks, and the global economic downturn, is threatening to wreak havoc and disrupt the lives of millions of children. The prospect of having over half a million children suffering from malnutrition is unacceptable. Without an immediate response, the impact on these vulnerable children will be deadly,” said Rotigliano.
In the first quarter of 2023, with the support of donors and partners, UNICEF assisted the Government of Malawi in screening 140,307 children under the age of five for acute malnutrition. Among them, 522 children were identified as having SAM and were referred to health facilities for further care.
But as Rotigliano observed, without increased support, poor and vulnerable households with children will be left without access to basic services, essential supplies, and social assistance.
It is therefore imperative that beyond the immediate measures, the Government of Malawi and its partners should start investing in long-term solutions by strengthening systems and building resilience within communities to tackle perennial hunger, which is the leading cause for malnutrition and stunting.
To close the gap, National Commission for Science and Technology (NCST) and Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (LUANAR), with financial and technical support from Open Forum for Agriculture Biotechnology (OFAB), are conducting research on biotechnology in order to develop nutrient-enriched crops to tackle malnutrition.
The research, which is being conducted at the Bunda Campus in Lilongwe, aims at identifying a lasting solution to pests that tend to lower yields of the staple grain.
Speaking in an interview with Nthanda Times, NCST Director General, Gift Kadzamira, said deploying biotechnology in agriculture, with its numerous advantages, has the potential to fundamentally improve the lives of Malawian farmers.
“In developed countries such as the United States, biotechnology has had a transformative impact on agriculture, serving as a key lever to uplift the living standards of farmers by enhancing crop yields, resilience, and nutritional content, while reducing input costs,” she said.
Kadzamira was, however, quick to emphasize that her commission is exercising care to ensure that the biotech does not harm the farmers they intend to empower in Malawi.
She said the confined field trials (CFT) being conducted at Bunda Campus are part of their stewardship, rigorous evaluation, and open societal dialogues to address potential ecological or health concerns, and to ensure that these technologies truly serve the interests of the farmers and society at large.
Dr. Kingdom Kwapata is one of the lead researchers in the project. Kwapata disclosed that in countries where biotechnology had been tried, farmers have realized significant improvement in their crop yield.
He said through genetic modification, disease-resistant crop varieties can be developed, which could significantly reduce crop losses.
Kwapata further stated that biotechnology can help create crops resistant to extreme conditions like drought or salinity, which can be a bonus in other districts where water is scarce or soil is saline.
“In other countries, biotechnological advancements are leading to the development of biofertilizers and biopesticides, which are environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. These help improve soil fertility and crop protection while reducing environmental impact and farmer expenditure on inputs and Malawi seriously needs these technologies if we are to eliminate hunger and malnutrition,” he emphasized.
Dozens of energetic and productive Malawian youths are migrating to South Africa and Tanzania every year to seek employment and other economic opportunities.
But as Derrick Chihana confided in local journalists when he returned from South Africa recently, grass is no longer greener for foreigners in the rainbow nation.
Chihana revealed that the hard economic hardships have left most Malawians, especially the youths, destitute and prone to promiscuity to survive.
This echoes findings of a recent study by the International Labour Organization (ILO), which states that as much as international migration represents an opportunity for youth to provide a better life for themselves and their families, pursue educational aspirations, improve their professional skills and prospects, or satisfy a desire for personal development through the adventures and challenges that come with living abroad, many young migrants frequently get trapped in exploitative and abusive jobs, including forced labour.
And too often, they – like other migrants – become scapegoats for the shortcomings of economic and social systems in destination countries.
In South Africa, young migrants have become the targets for xenophobic attacks as citizens accuse them of being responsible for crime, bringing diseases, stealing their jobs, services and resources.
To the origin countries such as Malawi, migration has brought about brain drain through loss of energetic and productive young people.
So, what can the Government of Malawi and its partners do to reverse this trend?
Dryson Zimba, a 23-year-old business farmer from Chapayika Village in Traditional Authority (T/A) Kazyozyo in Mchinji, offers a solution.
One of the youthful farmers NASFAM is working with in Malawi–Photo by Watipaso Mzungu
Zimba said the government and its partners need to incentivize agriculture to make the sector attractive to the youth, observing that currently, the sector is not appealing to young people.
“It is undeniable fact that rural youth are the future of food security for Malawi. Yet, they face many hurdles in trying to earn a livelihood from agriculture sector,” he said.
This is not all! Young people face many challenges to make headway in agriculture. Those challenges include inadequate access to financial services as most financial service providers are reluctant to provide their services – including credit, savings and insurance – to rural youth due to their lack of collateral and financial literacy, among other reasons.
As the population continues growing, pressure on arable land increases, making it difficult for the young people to access land where they can start a farm.
They also lack access to credit, and many other productive resources necessary for agriculture.
Chifundo Ngoma – a 24-year-old farmer from Mango Club under Kawera Farm in Mchinji – said promoting financial products catered to youth, mentoring programmes and start-up funding opportunities could all help remedy this issue.
“The government and its partners should work towards overcoming these challenges, including providing competitive prices for agricultural produce, to attract the youths to join the sector. And as many young people join and benefit from the sector, you will have very few migrating to South Africa,” said Ngoma.
Both Zimba and Ngoma agree that green jobs can provide more sustainable livelihoods in the long run, and can be more labour intensive and ultimately involve more value added.
However, they lamented that majority of the rural youth do not have the skills or access to the necessary skills-upgrading opportunities to partake in the green economy.
Access to competitive markets for their produce is another hurdle they face because of the growing international influence of supermarkets and the rigorous standards of their supply chains.
“The government and its partners need to address these, plus many other challenges, to increase youth’s involvement in the agricultural sector, and ultimately address the significant untapped potential of this growing demographic. I totally believe that facilitating the youth participation in agriculture has the potential to drive widespread rural poverty reduction among youths and adults alike,” said Ngoma.
NASFAM realizes that while most of the country’s food is produced by the ageing smallholder farmers, it is imperative that huge investment should be made in youth farmers to ensure there is continuity in sustainable food production.
NASFAM Communications Manager Karen Manda observed that youth farmers are more likely to adopt the new technologies needed to sustainably increase agricultural productivity, and ultimately feed the growing population while protecting the environment.
President Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera has disclosed plans by his administration to recruit another 2, 000 police officers in the next three months to boost safety and security of property and lives.
Chakwera has also instructed the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs to revise salaries for the police officers to ensure that they are consistent with the prevailing cost of living.
The President made the remarks during the graduation of police recruits at Limbe Police Training School in Blantyre on Friday.
President Chakwera said his government is determined to increase the number of police officers as well as improving their welfare as the country gears towards reducing the police-people ratio.
The Malawi leader said it was sad that police officers are overwhelmed with work because the country does not have enough security agents.
“When the world is serious about legal issues, you should have at least two policemen for every 1, 000 people. So if there are 20 million people in Malawi, you should have at least 40, 000 police officers. But when I started as President, I found out that there are only 13, 500 policemen in Malawi. Imagine, from 1994 to 2020, 26 years, the number of police officers is that low,” said Chakwera.
He disclosed that during his presidency, at least 6, 000 police officers have been trained and hired, a development that has seen the number of officers increasing by more than 30 percent.
According to Chakwera, the number of police officers now stands at 19, 570.
“I have said that there were five Presidents in this country before I came, and all of them left the number of police officers at 13, 500, but my own government has employed more than 6, 000 police officers, because we are serious about making the country orderly. And in the next three months, we will recruit another 2000 who are about to complete their training,” he promised.
Chakwera: My government will recruit 2,000 more police officers
But the President was quick to emphasize the need for the men and women in uniform to discharge their duties with professionalism and discipline.
Chakwera said he was that there are some police officers who forget their duty and start causing trouble, thereby tarnishing the reputation of the entire police force.
He challenged senior officers to lead the way in inculcating a culture of discipline and professionalism in police officers.
“You should be the first to criticize each other when someone starts doing inappropriate things, because it is your responsibility to protect your uniform so that it is not taken lightly in this country. It is your responsibility to ensure that your uniform is respected everywhere. It is your responsibility to ensure that your uniform is admired by others because of your performance. Because the truth is that many policemen are hardworking people and we Malawians do not appreciate you enough,” emphasized the President.
On accommodation for the police officers, President Chakwera assured that his government will continue with its project to construct modern and decent houses for them.
He acknowledged that the work of the police is not just about numbers, but also being given the ability to discharge their duties. He also promised that his government would increase salaries for the police officers.
“You should be given the right tools and equipment, and we, the government, have already decided that we will continue to provide you with sufficient support. I also know that housing is important for your work, and I can assure you that we started building your houses, we will continue until all 10,000 are completed. But before I sit down, I was going to ask the ministers of Zikhale Ng’oma to stand.
“I want to let you know that I have personally seen that police officers in this country are not getting enough salary. So I am ordering you today to contact your colleagues in the Ministry of Finance to start increasing the salaries of police officers. Is that clear?” directed Chakwera.
Malawi President Dr. Lazarus McCarthy Chakwera and the First Lady, Madam Monica Chakwera, on Thursday joined Muslims in the capital, Lilongwe, in celebrating Eid ul-fitr, marking the end of the month-long fasting of Ramadan.
In his message to Muslims in Malawi earlier in the day, President Chakwera wished them a memorable celebration and showers of blessings on them.
“May the end of the holy month of Ramadan bring peace, blessings, and happiness to your homes and hearts. Let us cherish the spirit of unity, compassion and generosity during this sacred time,” said the President.
During the day, President Chakwera joined some Muslims in Lilongwe in celebrating the day.
In the Islamic world, Eid ul-Fitr is a significant festival celebrated on the first day of Shawwal, the 10th month of the Islamic lunar calendar. It holds great importance as it marks the end of Ramadan, a month of fasting and spiritual reflection, and signifies the beginning of a new Islamic year.
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